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Low-level GPIO peripheral driver. More...

Detailed Description

Low-level GPIO peripheral driver.

This is a basic GPIO (General-purpose input/output) interface to allow platform independent access to a MCU's input/output pins. This interface is intentionally designed to be as simple as possible, to allow for easy implementation and maximum portability.

The interface provides capabilities to initialize a pin as output-, input- and interrupt pin. With the API you can basically set/clear/toggle the digital signal at the hardware pin when in output mode. Configured as input you can read a digital value that is being applied to the pin externally. When initializing an external interrupt pin, you can register a callback function that is executed in interrupt context once the interrupt condition applies to the pin. Usually you can react to rising or falling signal flanks (or both).

In addition the API provides to set standard input/output circuit modes such as e.g. internal push-pull configurations.

All modern micro controllers organize their GPIOs in some form of ports, often named 'PA', 'PB', 'PC'..., or 'P0', 'P1', 'P2'..., or similar. Each of these ports is then assigned a number of pins, often 8, 16, or 32. A hardware pin can thus be described by its port/pin tuple. To access a pin, the GPIO_PIN(port, pin) macro should be used. For example: If your platform has a pin PB22, it will be port=1 and pin=22. The GPIO_PIN macro should be overridden by a MCU, to allow for efficient encoding of the the port/pin tuple. For example, on many platforms it is possible to OR the pin number with the corresponding ports base register address. This allows for efficient decoding of pin number and base address without the need of any address lookup.

In case the driver does not define it, the below macro definition is used to simply map the port/pin tuple to the pin value. In that case, predefined GPIO definitions in RIOT/boards/ * /include/periph_conf.h will define the selected GPIO pin.

Warning
The scalar GPIO pin type gpio_t is deprecated and will be replaced by a structured GPIO pin type in a future GPIO API. Therefore, don't use the direct comparison of GPIO pins anymore. Instead, use the inline comparison functions gpio_is_equal and gpio_is_valid.

(Low-) Power Implications

On almost all platforms, we can only control the peripheral power state of full ports (i.e. groups of pins), but not for single GPIO pins. Together with CPU specific alternate function handling for pins used by other peripheral drivers, this can make it quite complex to keep track of pins that are currently used at a certain moment. To simplify the implementations (and ease the memory consumption), we expect ports to be powered on (e.g. through peripheral clock gating) when first used and never be powered off again.

GPIO driver implementations should power on the corresponding port during gpio_init() and gpio_init_int().

For external interrupts to work, some platforms may need to block certain power modes (although this is not very likely). This should be done during gpio_init_int().

Modules

 GPIO I/O Utils
 GPIO I/O utility functions.
 

Files

file  atmega_gpio.h
 Macros and inline functions for accessing GPIOs of the ATmega family.
 
file  gpio.h
 Low-level GPIO peripheral driver interface definitions.
 

Data Structures

struct  gpio_isr_ctx_t
 Default interrupt context for GPIO pins. More...
 

Macros

#define GPIO_PIN(x, y)   ((gpio_t)((x & 0) | y))
 Convert (port, pin) tuple to gpio_t value.
 
#define GPIO_UNDEF   ((gpio_t)(UINT_MAX))
 GPIO pin not defined.
 

Typedefs

typedef unsigned int gpio_t
 GPIO type identifier.
 
typedef void(* gpio_cb_t) (void *arg)
 Signature of event callback functions triggered from interrupts.
 

Enumerations

enum  gpio_mode_t {
  GPIO_IN , GPIO_IN_PD , GPIO_IN_PU , GPIO_OUT ,
  GPIO_OD , GPIO_OD_PU
}
 Available pin modes. More...
 
enum  gpio_flank_t { GPIO_FALLING = 0 , GPIO_RISING = 1 , GPIO_BOTH = 2 }
 Definition of possible active flanks for external interrupt mode. More...
 

Functions

int gpio_init (gpio_t pin, gpio_mode_t mode)
 Initialize the given pin as general purpose input or output.
 
int gpio_init_int (gpio_t pin, gpio_mode_t mode, gpio_flank_t flank, gpio_cb_t cb, void *arg)
 Initialize a GPIO pin for external interrupt usage.
 
void gpio_irq_enable (gpio_t pin)
 Enable pin interrupt if configured as interrupt source.
 
void gpio_irq_disable (gpio_t pin)
 Disable the pin interrupt if configured as interrupt source.
 
int gpio_read (gpio_t pin)
 Get the current value of the given pin.
 
void gpio_set (gpio_t pin)
 Set the given pin to HIGH.
 
void gpio_clear (gpio_t pin)
 Set the given pin to LOW.
 
void gpio_toggle (gpio_t pin)
 Toggle the value of the given pin.
 
void gpio_write (gpio_t pin, int value)
 Set the given pin to the given value.
 
static int gpio_is_equal (gpio_t gpio1, gpio_t gpio2)
 Test if a GPIO pin is equal to another GPIO pin.
 
static int gpio_is_valid (gpio_t gpio)
 Test if a GPIO pin is a valid pin and not declared as undefined.
 

Macro Definition Documentation

◆ GPIO_PIN

#define GPIO_PIN (   x,
 
)    ((gpio_t)((x & 0) | y))

Convert (port, pin) tuple to gpio_t value.

Definition at line 99 of file gpio.h.

◆ GPIO_UNDEF

#define GPIO_UNDEF   ((gpio_t)(UINT_MAX))

GPIO pin not defined.

Definition at line 106 of file gpio.h.

Typedef Documentation

◆ gpio_cb_t

typedef void(* gpio_cb_t) (void *arg)

Signature of event callback functions triggered from interrupts.

Parameters
[in]argoptional context for the callback

Definition at line 146 of file gpio.h.

◆ gpio_t

typedef unsigned int gpio_t

GPIO type identifier.

Definition at line 91 of file gpio.h.

Enumeration Type Documentation

◆ gpio_flank_t

Definition of possible active flanks for external interrupt mode.

Enumerator
GPIO_FALLING 

emit interrupt on falling flank

GPIO_RISING 

emit interrupt on rising flank

GPIO_BOTH 

emit interrupt on both flanks

Definition at line 134 of file gpio.h.

◆ gpio_mode_t

Available pin modes.

Generally, a pin can be configured to be input or output. In output mode, a pin can further be put into push-pull or open drain configuration. Though this is supported by most platforms, this is not always the case, so driver implementations may return an error code if a mode is not supported.

Enumerator
GPIO_IN 

configure as input without pull resistor

GPIO_IN_PD 

configure as input with pull-down resistor

GPIO_IN_PU 

configure as input with pull-up resistor

GPIO_OUT 

configure as output in push-pull mode

GPIO_OD 

configure as output in open-drain mode without pull resistor

GPIO_OD_PU 

configure as output in open-drain mode with pull resistor enabled

Definition at line 118 of file gpio.h.

Function Documentation

◆ gpio_clear()

void gpio_clear ( gpio_t  pin)

Set the given pin to LOW.

Parameters
[in]pinthe pin to clear

◆ gpio_init()

int gpio_init ( gpio_t  pin,
gpio_mode_t  mode 
)

Initialize the given pin as general purpose input or output.

When configured as output, the pin state after initialization is undefined. The output pin's state should be untouched during the initialization. This behavior can however not be guaranteed by every platform.

Parameters
[in]pinpin to initialize
[in]modemode of the pin, see gpio_mode_t
Returns
0 on success
-1 on error

◆ gpio_init_int()

int gpio_init_int ( gpio_t  pin,
gpio_mode_t  mode,
gpio_flank_t  flank,
gpio_cb_t  cb,
void *  arg 
)

Initialize a GPIO pin for external interrupt usage.

The registered callback function will be called in interrupt context every time the defined flank(s) are detected.

The interrupt is activated automatically after the initialization.

Note
You have to add the module periph_gpio_irq to your project to enable this function
Precondition
cb must not be NULL
Parameters
[in]pinpin to initialize
[in]modemode of the pin, see gpio_mode_t
[in]flankdefine the active flank(s)
[in]cbcallback that is called from interrupt context
[in]argoptional argument passed to the callback
Returns
0 on success
-1 on error

◆ gpio_irq_disable()

void gpio_irq_disable ( gpio_t  pin)

Disable the pin interrupt if configured as interrupt source.

Note
You have to add the module periph_gpio_irq to your project to enable this function
Parameters
[in]pinthe pin to disable the interrupt for

◆ gpio_irq_enable()

void gpio_irq_enable ( gpio_t  pin)

Enable pin interrupt if configured as interrupt source.

     Interrupts that would have occurred after @see gpio_irq_disable
     was called will be discarded.
Note
You have to add the module periph_gpio_irq to your project to enable this function
Parameters
[in]pinthe pin to enable the interrupt for

◆ gpio_is_equal()

static int gpio_is_equal ( gpio_t  gpio1,
gpio_t  gpio2 
)
inlinestatic

Test if a GPIO pin is equal to another GPIO pin.

Parameters
[in]gpio1First GPIO pin to check
[in]gpio2Second GPIO pin to check

Definition at line 269 of file gpio.h.

◆ gpio_is_valid()

static int gpio_is_valid ( gpio_t  gpio)
inlinestatic

Test if a GPIO pin is a valid pin and not declared as undefined.

Parameters
[in]gpioGPIO pin to check

Definition at line 279 of file gpio.h.

◆ gpio_read()

int gpio_read ( gpio_t  pin)

Get the current value of the given pin.

Parameters
[in]pinthe pin to read
Returns
0 when pin is LOW
>0 for HIGH

◆ gpio_set()

void gpio_set ( gpio_t  pin)

Set the given pin to HIGH.

Parameters
[in]pinthe pin to set

◆ gpio_toggle()

void gpio_toggle ( gpio_t  pin)

Toggle the value of the given pin.

Parameters
[in]pinthe pin to toggle

◆ gpio_write()

void gpio_write ( gpio_t  pin,
int  value 
)

Set the given pin to the given value.

Parameters
[in]pinthe pin to set
[in]valuevalue to set the pin to, 0 for LOW, HIGH otherwise